Extracapsular surgery for cataracts

Surgery Overview

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The lens of the eye is enclosed in a lining called the lens capsule. Extracapsular surgery, also called extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE), involves removing the lens with the cataract from the lens capsule. In most cases, the lens will be replaced with an intraocular lens implant (IOL). If an IOL cannot be used, contact lenses or eyeglasses must be worn to compensate for the lack of a natural lens.

See an illustration of the lens .

Extracapsular surgery with or without phacoemulsification involves removing the lens as well as the front portion of the lens capsule (anterior capsule). The back of the lens capsule (posterior capsule) is left inside the eye to keep the vitreous gel in the back of the eye from oozing forward through the pupil and causing complications.

Extracapsular surgery using phacoemulsification has become the most commonly used procedure for cataract removal. This is a special type of extracapsular surgery that involves removing the lens through the front portion of the lens capsule.

View the slideshow on extracapsular cataract surgery to see the steps that are performed.

Extracapsular surgery without phacoemulsification involves:

• An to incision is made in the eye where the clear, front covering of the eye (cornea) meets the white of the eye (sclera).
• Another small incision is made into the front portion of the lens capsule, and the lens is removed, along with any remaining lens material.
• An intraocular lens implant (IOL) may then be placed inside the lens capsule, and the incision is closed.

Anesthesia

Most cataract surgery is now done using a topical anesthetic (eyedrops) or a local anesthetic. Local anesthetic may involve a sedative for relaxation followed by an injection beside, under, or inside the eye to deaden nerves and prevent blinking or eye movement during surgery.

General anesthetic may be necessary for:

• People with extreme anxiety that cannot be controlled with simple sedation or counseling.
• People who are unable to follow instructions during surgery.
• People who are allergic to certain local anesthetics.
• People with other medical conditions that require the use of a general anesthetic.
• Children.

What To Expect After Surgery

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Before you leave the outpatient center, you will receive the immediate eye care that is needed after surgery. The surgeon reviews the symptoms of possible complications, eye protection, activities, medications, required visits (see below), and what to do for emergency care if needed. Portions of the follow-up may be done by another health professional, such as an optometrist or community health nurse.

The eye that was operated on may be bandaged for one night after surgery. You will wear a protective shield over the eye at night for about a week. There is normally no pain after surgery.

You will usually need to see the doctor for checkups within 2 days after surgery, and after 1 to 4 weeks. Visits should occur sooner and more frequently if any complications occur.

Checkups following cataract surgery include:

• Ophthalmoscopy, to evaluate the inside of the eye.
• Measurement of visual acuity and eye pressure (tonometry).
• A slit lamp exam, to check for lens clarity.

Eyeglasses may be prescribed within 3 to 8 weeks after surgery. An average of 3 months is required for healing after cataract surgery.

Contact your doctor promptly if you notice any signs of complications following cataract surgery, such as:

• Decreasing vision.
• Increasing pain.
• Increasing redness.
• Swelling around the eye.
• Any discharge from the eye.
• Any new floaters, flashes of light, or changes in your field of vision.

Why It Is Done

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Cataract surgery may be done when:

• Your work or lifestyle is affected by vision problems caused by the cataract.
• Glare caused by bright lights is a problem.
• You cannot pass a vision test required for a driver's license.
• You have double vision.
• The difference in vision between the two eyes is significant.
• You have another vision-threatening eye disease, such as diabetic retinopathy or macular degeneration.

Reasons not to have surgery (contraindications)

Cataract surgery will not be done if:

• You do not want surgery.
• Glasses or visual aids provide adequate vision.
• Your lifestyle is not affected by the cataract.
• Surgery is not possible because of another medical condition.
• You have vision loss that has been caused by another eye disease. Removal of a cataract may not improve vision loss caused by another eye disease.

Extracapsular surgery using phacoemulsification may not be used if the cataract is too hard to be broken up by sound waves (ultrasound).

How Well It Works

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Cataract surgery has a 90% to 95% success rate in older adults whose only eye problem is cataracts. Overall, an increase in well-being and quality of life can be expected after surgery in 90% of all people who are bothered by their cataracts.¹

Extracapsular surgery with or without phacoemulsification restores the same amount of vision. However, recovery of sight occurs sooner after surgery with phacoemulsification.

People who have surgery for cataracts usually have:

• Improved vision.
• Increased mobility and independence.
• Relief from the fear of going blind.

Surgery may also improve vision in infants who have cataracts.

Risks

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Up to 3% of people have complications from cataract surgery that may threaten their sight or require further surgery. The rate of complications increases in people who have other eye diseases in addition to the cataract.¹

Though the risk is low, surgery for cataracts does involve the risk of some vision loss if the surgery is not successful or if there are complications. Potential complications that may occur with cataract surgery include:

• Infection in the eye (endophthalmitis).
• Swelling and fluid in the center of the nerve layer (cystoid macular edema).
• Swelling of the clear covering of the eye (corneal edema).
• Bleeding in the front of the eye (hyphema).
• Bursting (rupture) of the capsule and loss of fluid (vitreous gel) in the eye.
• Detachment of the nerve layer at the back of the eye (retinal detachment).

Complications that may occur some time after surgery include:

• Problems with glare.
• Dislocated intraocular lens.
• Clouding of the portion of the lens covering (capsule) that remains after surgery, often called second membrane or aftercataract (posterior capsular opacification). This is usually not a significant problem and can easily be treated with laser surgery if necessary.
  • Infants have the highest risk (almost 100%) for cloudiness in the back portion of the lens capsule following cataract surgery. If posterior capsule opacification develops after cataract surgery, a laser procedure or a vitrectomy that removes the posterior capsule may be needed. Removing a small part of the posterior capsule during cataract surgery may allow better sight and reduce the need for laser surgery.
  • Lenses made of polyacrylic material decrease the chance of posterior capsular opacification more than lenses made of polymethyl methacrylate or silicone.²
• Retinal detachment.
• Glaucoma.
• Astigmatism or strabismus.
• Sagging of the upper eyelid (ptosis).

What To Think About

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Today, extracapsular surgery using phacoemulsification is used more often than standard extracapsular surgery, even though they are similar procedures. The major difference is that phacoemulsification uses sound waves (ultrasound) to break the lens into small pieces that can then be removed through a smaller incision. In standard extracapsular surgery, the lens is removed in one piece, which requires a larger incision. The improvement of vision is the same for both procedures, but the healing process is quicker for phacoemulsification.

Removing cataracts by extracapsular surgery using phacoemulsification is preferred over standard extracapsular surgery because:

• The surgery can be done more quickly.
• There is less astigmatism after surgery.
• Recovery of sight after surgery is faster.
• The risk of complications after surgery is less.

People usually need reading glasses (glasses for near vision) after cataract surgery. However, some people may choose to have different lens implants in their eyes so that one eye can be used for distance vision and the other for near vision (monovision). For more information, see replacing the lens of the eye during cataract surgery.

Intraocular lens implants (IOLs) are available that allow you to see both distance and near vision. However, these lens are usually not covered by insurance and may be very expensive.

In some children, surgery to remove a cataract that causes significant vision loss may be very important in preventing blindness. The most critical period for the development of sight is from birth to 6 months. The earlier cataracts in children are diagnosed and treated, the more likely it is that their eyesight will be protected.

If a child has cataracts in both eyes that are causing significant vision loss, surgery on the second eye needs to be done within a few weeks. As in adults, both eyes are not operated on at the same time in case complications develop.

Surgeons are hesitant to put intraocular lenses (IOLs) in the eyes of infants younger than 1 year of age because of rapid eyeball growth and lack of information on the effect of IOLs in these children.

Most often, an infant has to wear a contact lens to replace the lens that was removed from the eye.

If surgery can be delayed until the child is 1 to 2 years old, it may be possible to use an IOL to replace the lens in the eye. Surgery cannot always be delayed, however, because of the risk of amblyopia and permanent vision loss.

Complete the surgery information form (PDF) (What is a PDF document?) to help you prepare for this surgery.

References

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Citations

1. American Academy of Ophthalmology (2001). Cataract in the Adult Eye (Preferred Practice Pattern). San Francisco: American Academy of Ophthalmology.

2. Hollick EJ, et al. (1999). The effect of polymethylmethacrylate, silicone, and polyacrylic intraocular lenses on posterior capsular opacification 3 years after cataract surgery. Ophthalmology, 106(1): 49–54.

Credits

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Author	Merrill Hayden
Editor	Kathleen M. Ariss, MS
Associate Editor	Michele Cronen
Associate Editor	Lisa Shaw
Primary Medical Reviewer	Patrice Burgess, MD - Family Medicine
Specialist Medical Reviewer	Carol L. Karp, MD - Ophthalmology
Last Updated	November 15, 2005